Steam Equipment in Javan Sugar Mills

I am indebted to Ray Gardiner who made the original notes in 1999 based on his six week visit. Rob van Dort and Manfred Schoeler added further short notes but significantly more data were added from my 2002/3 trips. The last major changes date from 26th September 2003 and now include many mills not previously covered plus details of much of the smaller equipment. There have been minor changes following my April, July and August 2004 visits, the latter noting extra engines at Candi, Jatibarang, Sumberharjo and Wonolangan and some scrapping at Sindanglaut. Further minor changes were made in late July 2005. I have noted some Tangye numbers from the ISSES trip in 2006, there is more data to come but that needs John Cooper and Paul Stephens to find the time to process their observations! By 2008, I am still waiting for the ISSES trip data, I was not on Java in 2007. but a few changes I noted on my 2008 visits have been included below.

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The two 'best' steam mills in Java:
Gondang (Klaten, Central Java)
Olean (Situbondo, East Java)

Originally there were 190 sugar mills on Java, by 1931 there were 177 operating, but by 1939 only 84 mills were operating with 68 temporarily closed. In 1999 there were about 50 still in use.

When I first added this page, the sugar industry faced many problems, with the state of the economy large stockpiles of unsold sugar were left over from 1998, meaning that many mills had a very short season in 1999, leaving cane uncut in the fields. Over the last few years, there has been competition from cheap imported sugar and the government owned mills are subsidised, while the few private mills were in serious trouble. There are plans to relocate the sugar mills from the crowded island of Java to other islands, building new more efficient mills, but there is no capital available and with low world sugar prices it is a non-starter. With falling production, many mills experienced a shortage of bagasse to fire the mill boilers and steam locos in 1999, oil and even wood has had to be used instead/as well. Since then, the 2000/1/2/3 seasons seemed to have been surprisingly good, helped initially by the further devaluation in the exchange rate of the Rupiah but the long term prospects remain poor.

(I have arranged the mills in the same way as I have done for the steam locomotive reports. The comments in italics are my additions. The map shows only those with steam locomotives, in the list below I have described the locations of the other mills on the island.) There are links to sets of images for some of the mills included. Obviously, further additions and corrections would be very welcome.

Rob van Dort comments: "There are two kinds of cane crushers. The usual three roller mills, called "mills" or the two roller crusher, called "crusher". In Java sometimes a crusher was installed preceding the first mill. The crusher could be driven by a separate engine or driven in combination with the first mill by the same engine. Some factories only had four mills, some older ones only three. The most ideal situation for the mill engineer is a separate engine for each mill, so the speed of each unit can be adjusted without the preceding mill choking the next one. But, some mills like Sumberharjo and Purwodadi, two mill units are driven by one engine (dual drive or tandem engines), this means very careful calculation and adjustment (opening between the rollers) of the output of the preceding mill. Below is a plan of the Sumberharjo mill (as erected) showing a crusher + engine and an engine driving the 1+2 mill and another driving the 3+4 mill. The crusher (engine) at Sumberharjo has been replaced by cane knives (shredders/unigrators) as became more and more the practice in later years. Purwodadi had an impressive mill tandem consisting of a crusher (now out of use RD) + engine, 1 mill+ engine (Werkspoor), 2+3 mill plus engine and 4+5 mill plus engine.

I would very much appreciate some help here with their full names, locations etc... Agents such as Rombouts are noted in the main list, but a lot of equipment bears unnoted agents plates. Chris Hodrien has provide some brief notes on some UK manufacturers, I would like to expand on this...

Ampasse - bagasse, the cane after it has been milled. When dry used as boiler/steam locomotive fuel
Blotong - mud from filtration after clarification
Klare - the liquid from the washings in the second purging of the solid sugars which is usually passed back to the same vacuum pan.
Kultrog - the set of crystalisers in which the sugar is churned, often using a lineshaft driven by a steam engine
Massecuite - mixture of sugar and molasses before separation by centrifugals
Nira mentah - raw juice after milling
Nira encer – juice after clarification
Nira jernih - filtrate from nira kotor
Nira kotor - literally dirty juice, after carbonatation/sulphitation, then clarification, before filtration
Nira kental - juice after initial evaporation
Leburan - remelt sugar, the low grade sugar which is to be recycled to extract higher grade sugar
Stroop – the liquid from the first purging of the production sugars which is usually passed to the next lower quality vacuum pan.
Tetes - molasses - sticky liquid residue after removal of sugar crystals by centrifugation

All machines should be assumed to be single cylindered and horizontal engines/pumps unless stated otherwise. Most have flywheels of some kind but these are not noted, the main exceptions being the simplex/duplex pumps.

NB for the milling/crusher engines, I have noted whether they are right handed (RH) or left handed (LH) where known. RH indicates that standing next to the flywheel, the steam cylinder/valves etc will be on your right. By convention the drive to the mill/crusher is placed on the same side as the valves, which mean that engines in the same sugar mill will sometimes face in opposite directions, either by design or because they have come second hand from another mill. (I have modified this definition on 21st January 2007 as, not the first time, I misunderstood what I was advised by the experts! Sorry.) By convention I believe engines run forward when the top of the flywheel moves away from the engine. This will be the setting for a non-reversing engine (only mill and crusher engines are reversible). For a belt engine where the belt runs away from the engine, this means that the slack will be at the top and maintain contact with the flywheel longer. Ideally, most mill engines will run forward too normally and the gearing between them and the mills will normally achieve this by using the appropriate number of gear wheels. Of course, with engines being moved between mills sometimes this is not possible and some engines are run in reverse, these are indicated (R) in the list.

1. Kadhipaten (Mill closed at end of 1999 season, dismantled and all remaining equipment scrapped in 2003 - although some has been reused elsewhere.)

Single cylinder engine, Stork, 2784/1924.
Single cylinder engine, Stork
Sngle cylinder engine, Stork
Single cylinder pump, raw-juice pump, most likely a so called Java Pomp, by Reineveld.

2. Jatiwangi (Mill closed at end of 1998 season, dismantled and all remaining equipment scrapped in 2003 - although some has been reused elsewhere.)

3. Gempol (Mill closed at end of 1994 season, dismantled and all remaining equipment scrapped in 2003 - although some has been reused elsewhere.)

Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2735/1923
Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2736/1923

Single cylinder RH vacuum pump, Stork, 3285/1929
Single cylinder RH vacuum pump (????)
Single cylinder LH vacuum pump (????) - scrapped by 2004
Vertical twin cylinder pump, Stork, 2760/1923
Vertical twin cylinder pump, Stork
Vertical twin cylinder pump, Stork
Small vertical cylinder engine, Robey, previously used on the bagasse conveyor - scrapped by 2004
Belt engine, disused, previously powered the kultrog - scrapped by 2004
Small belt driven compressor (electrical), probably originally steam powered
Boiler feedwater pumps (2), Cameron
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pumps
Java Pump, Reineveld 903/1914 used for boiler feedwater
A set of 5 small pumps previously used for a hydraulic system to vary the pressure applied by crusher and millers.
Small duplex pump, Worthington-Simpson

West - a pair of dual drive engines each driving two mills, one formerly also drove the crusher.

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1920 - out of use and disappeared by 2008
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1920 - out of use and disappeared by 2008

East - single, dual and single driving the four mills
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2789/1923
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1920
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1920

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fijenoord, 1928
Single cylinder LH vacuum pump for pans, Stork ex Jatiwangi in 2001
Single cylinder RH vacuum pump for evaporators, Stork, 3001(?)/1928
Single cylinder LH vacuum pump for pans, Stork
Water injection pump for vacuum pans, Stork, 2833/1924 - unusually this is a large horizontal LH engine
Vertical water injection pump for vacuum pans, (????)
Twin cylinder boiler feedwater pumps (2), E Rombouts (Agent), builder not known (out of use by 2008)
Duplex boiler feedwater pump (out of use)
Simplex boiler feedwater pump, Cameron (out of use)
Vertical cylinder belt engine, disused, previously used to drive an air compressor (now electrically powered).
Pumps for juice sulphitation, Cameron (6) - out of use and disappeared by 2008
Vertical cylinder nira kotor pump, formerly steam powered
Vertical cylinder nira kotor pump, formerly steam powered

The first (East) Werkspoor mill engine has a brass plate worded - Nederlandische Octrooi 14187, Systeem Meier Mattern. 100, Werkspoor. Below it is an aluminium plate worded - Werkspoor - Amsterdam -1920. (Meier Mattern is a hydraulic valve system, 14187 is most likely a patent number, however unlike the engines at Tulangan these have been rebuilt with standard drop valves. RD)
Rombouts was an agent for Fijenoord.

6. Ketanggungan Barat (The mill has no equipment being closed for many years, its cane is sent to Tersana Baru)

7. Banjaratma (Mill closed at the end of the 1997 season, all equipment derelict by 2002, mill reported gutted by 2006)

Single cylinder mill engine, Aitken, 3408
Single cylinder mill engine, Aitken, 3411
Single cylinder mill engine, Aitken, 3412
Single cylinder mill engine, possibly Stork
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 1903/1912
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2157/1916
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2158/1916

Double cylinder (single flywheel) vacuum pump for pans, Fijenoord, Rombouts as agents
Single cylinder vacuum pump for evaporators, Stork, 2767/1924
Single cylinder vacuum pump for pans, Stork,
Single cylinder belt engine for kultrog, Stork, 1470/1906
Air compressor for burning sulphur, Stork, 3261/1928 almost certainly previously a CO₂ pump
Air compressor for burning sulphur, Stork, 2841/19??, (disused)
Java pumps for nira kental (3), one out of use
Vertical cylinder pump under centrifugals, John Cameron, Manchester
Steam powered electrical generator, Belliss and Morcom (out of use)
Simplex pump for vacuum condensate, Cameron
Duplex boiler feedwater pump, Canton-Hughes
Vertical boiler feedwater pump, N. V. Gevek & Co., Techn. Bureau, Amsterdam – Soerabaya (agents)
Duplex boiler feedwater pump, Worthington
Duplex pump, Worthington, builders number 111448
Duplex pump, Worthington, builders number 770496, derelict
Vertical boiler feed water pumps (2), apparently identical and one of them Clarke, Chapman and Company
Belt engine for bagasse system
Vertical bagasse bailer engine, Landre & Clinderman, Amsterdam, Agents for Holland
Vertical engine used to force draught for chimney, probably English, Ingenieurs – Bureau, J & C Vrins, Den Haag & Soerabaya (agents?)

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2559/1920
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2370/1917
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2369/1917

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 3132/1927
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork
Small single cylinder air compressor, Stork 5481/1951 (disused)
Single cylinder air compressor, Stork
Electrically driven air compressor, formerly steam powered
Single cylinder engine, belt drive for massecuite pumps etc
Single cylinder engine, belt drive for A/B centrifugals, Stork, 1770/1910
Vertical single cylinder water injection pump, Belliss & Morcom, 8093
Vertical single cylinder water injection pump, Stork, 2427/19??
Vertical single cylinder water injection pump, carries Ingenieurs – Bureau, J & C Vrins, Den Haag & Soerabaya (agents?)
Small engine powering the kultrog, 'The Caledonian' on the base - said by Chris Hodrien to be by Shanks.
Vertical cylinder engine, Stork, 848x/1951, for improving factory chimney drafting (taken out of use during 2003 season)
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pumps (2), Clarke, Chapman and Company, 14761 and 14762/1950
Vertical pump for nira kotor (disused)
Nira kental pumps (3), one is Cameron, others unknown

Originally there have been 10 boilers. 9 is removed now.
1. Stork 1940
2. Stork 1923
3. Stork 1921
4. Stork 1922
5. Werkspoor 1925
6. Stork 1925
7. Stork 1921
8. Stork 1917
9. missing
10. Voorheen 1917

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 1912/1912, both carry the same plates, it seems they were a single order.
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 1912/1912
Large combined vertical vacuum pump, water injection pump and condenser, Werkspoor patent number 174852
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 1924
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 3284/1929
Simplex nira kental pumps (2), Cameron
Simplex pump for condensate from pans
Vertical cylinder pump for condensate from evaporators
Simplex boiler feed water pumps (2)
Vertical boiler feed water pumps (2), apparently identical and one of them Clarke, Chapman

11.Sragi (This mill has modern equipment, although the original mills are still in use)

Air compressor (derelict)
Vertical cylinder air compressor, George Fletcher - out of use by 2003.

12. Cepiring (Mill closed at the end of the 1997 season. It used stationary steam engines. Expected to re-open at least in part in 2007, but maybe with a lot of new equipment)

Ray Gardiner added the original data. We visited together in 2003 and revised the entry::

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2179/1917 (will be used on re-opening)
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2180/1917 (to Krembung, never installed and the Watutulis)

All the following equipment with the exception of the vacuum pumps had been removed from the mill by July 2008:

Single cylinder belt engine for kultrog, Dingler No. 8(?)177
Java pump converted to a belt engine to assist above
Large single cylinder CO₂ compressor
Large single cylinder CO₂ compressor, Rombouts 1918
Small single cylinder CO₂ compressor
Twin cylinder pump with single flywheel
Single cylinder pump with twin flywheels, possibly air compressor for sulphitation of thick nira kental
Two small single cylinder juice pumps (2) under juice clarifiers
Single cylinder juice pump under evaporators
Vertical cylinder pump under evaporators
Single cylinder boiler feed water pump, Fijenoord
Single cylinder boiler feed water pump, Java pump, Reineveld 979/1916
Single cylinder vacuum pumps (2)

Small flocculant pumps (2, with one of them out of use), said to have been supplied through Rombouts Deksels
Duplex nira kental pump
Air compressor, Stork, previously a vacuum pump
Belt engine for kultrog, Stork, 1705/1908

14. Kalibagor (Mill closed at the end of the 1997 season. Almost certainly used stationary steam engines, not least because I have the plate reportedly off a Stork milling engine here.)

15. Gondang Baru Along with Olean, it has the highest proportion of machinery operated by steam. Click here for pictures.

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, ????/????, used for the crusher
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Fulton Iron Works, 1920, Corliss valves, kept in reserve and used very occasionally, formerly crusher
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 1940/1912
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 1129/1899
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 878/1893
Twin cylinder mill engine, this carries Moulin a Cannes - Bessions Multiples, Systeme, Blanaye & Brissoneau F(reres?) & Cie (= Freres – brothers?), Brevete Sgdg(?), Cail 7, 1884
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, ????/????, said to be ex-Rendeng
Small twin cylinder small engine for cane carrier, out of use)
Pump (2) to operate hydraulic pressure equalising system for mills

Single cylinder vacuum pump (reserve)
Small juice pump, weighers to carbonatation
Vertical cylinder juice pump for first carbonatation
Vertical cylinder juice pump for second carbonatation, Belliss and Morcom, 7934
Single cylinder CO₂ compressor for first carbonatation, Stork, 1631/1908
Single cylinder vacuum pump for evaporators, possibly Stork, 2747/1923
Single cylinder vacuum pump for pans
Single cylinder CO₂ compressor for second carbonatation, Stork, 1966/1913
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Stork
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Ingenieurs – Bureau, J & C Vrins, Den Haag - 1925 - Soerabaya (agents?), spare, ex-Banjaratma
Vertical cylinder belted water injection pump, Sissons, Ref 2603
Small pump used for condensate
Small pump used for condensate, Worthington
Condensate pumps, (3) Worthington
Condensate pump, Cameron
Simplex nira kental pumps (2), Cameron, ex-Colomadu
Boiler feedwater pumps, Cameron (2)
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pump, Clarke, Chapman
Vertical cylinder engine for forced (chimney ventilation), Sissons in use
Single cylinder belt engine for A centrifugals
Single cylinder belt engine, Stork, 1137/1899 for D centrifugals
Electrical generator, Stork, 2726/1923
Electrical generator, Belliss and Morcom

I visited with Ray Gardiner in 2003 and found the mill derelict but\reasonably intact. Not listed are some part engines/dismantled engines

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 1927/1912
Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor 1924
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork carries 2727/1923 but this seems unlikely as it does not have drop valves and all other Stork mill engines of this age do. All the actual mills say Stork 1912 which looks likely.
Set of pumps for the mill hydraulic pressure system, Stork on adjacent tanks

Single cylinder compressor for CO₂, 2 flywheels, Stork symbol on an axle box
Single cylinder compressor for CO₂, 1 flywheel, Rombouts on the cylinder cover
Single cylinder compressor for CO₂, 1 flywheel, cylinder/pump appear as integral casting/together, Jos Evans and sons, Wolverhampton on pipework
Duplex juice (?) pump, Schafer & Urbach
Twin cylinder, single flywheel compressor, No. 196
A group of 3 Belliss and Morcom (type) pumps, 1 and 2 appear to be of the water injection type, although some way from the vacuum pump. 3 looks more like a juice pump
Simplex juice pump, Cameron
Reineveld/Stork water/juice pump, Rombouts 1916
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fives-Lille, 1900
Java pump, Reineveld/Stork, 2467/1927
Duplex boiler feed water pump, Schafer & Urbach
Breda vertical twin cylinder boiler feed water pump
Small belt engine for driving lime plant
Small belt engine No 187 for driving lime slurry plant, Rombouts 1913

17. Colomadu (Mill closed at the end of the 1997 season, all equipment derelict by 2002)

I paid visits to the mill in September 2002/3, much of the machinery had been removed for re-use elsewhere (particularly the vacuum pumps to Mojo), it must have been a wonderful operation. More machines/details are available after the second visit made with the assistance of a member of the engineering staff.

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2373/1917
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2486/1919
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, ????/????
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2124/1914

Bagasse engine, Ruston Proctor
Vertical cylinder engine for cane carrier
Engine for cane carrier
Belt engine for lime slurry system, Tangye
Compressor for burning sulphur
Java pump for juice sulphitation, Reineveld 896/1913
Small duplex (water) pump
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pumps (3)
Java pump for juice, Reineveld, 717/1911
Juice pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pumps (3)
Vertical cylinder engine for electrical generator, Stork type
Engine for electrical generator, MAN, M.No. 5004, Atm 6.5 Umd. 170, Nürnberg 1925
Small engine for electrical generator
Vertical cylinder engine, Tangye, for belt driven machinery in the mill workshop
Belt engine for kultrog, Tangye, similar to those at Rejosari.
Small engine (W. Maxwell, Engineer, Djogja) to drive the massecuite pump(s), looks to be one of the oldest seen....
Belt engine for centrifugals, Stork, 1876/1911

Main milling line: 4 steam turbines Woodward Sydney / Japan with 550 kW are powering the equipment from Stork 1928.
One single LH cylinder mill engine, Stork, 3203/1928 was preserved, but was gone by 2003 when it was found at Kanigoro!

Vacuum pump, Stork, 3198/1928 with drop valves
Vacuum pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Stork, 2424/1921, disused
Compressor for CO₂, Stork, 3200/1928
Compressor for CO₂, Stork
Compressor for CO₂
Single cylinder water injection pump with two flywheels for evaporator
Vertical cylinder compressor for air used in syrup sulfitation
Compressor for air used in syrup sulfitation, two flywheels
Compressor for air used in syrup sulfitation
Two cylinders hot water pump for mud presses, single flywheel wheel
Vertical cylinder juice pumps (2), one out of use
Large vertical cylinder Java pump, Reineveld 2288/1925
Vertical cylinder juice pump
Vertical cylinder juice pump, Reineveld 2380/1926
Vertical cylinder juice pump
Vertical cylinder juice pump, Reineveld 2286/1925
Vertical cylinder juice pump
Small (air?) compressor, formerly steam powered
Small engine – Les Ateliers Dubrabant, probably for the bagasse train, out of use
Electrical generator, Stork, 3127/1928, out of use
Electrical generator, Stork, 3201/1928, out of use

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor 1950
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor 1950
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor 1950
Vertical belt engine, Hallesche, used for assisting ventilation in mill chimney, out of use by 2004
Steam engine (marked Jaffa) driving Siemens electrical generator
Compressor converted to electrical power with Rombouts 1924 plate
Simplex pump for nira kental
Pump for nira kotor, formerly steam powered
Compressor for sulphur burning (derelict)

Single cylinder RH mill engine, formerly for the crusher, out of use
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1926
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1926
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1926
Single cylinder vacuum pump (spare)
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 1924
Compressor for sulphitation (large)
Compressor for sulphitation (small)
Pump for nira kotor
Twin cylinder/two flywheel pump for nira kotor
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Belliss and Morcom,
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Sisson
Simplex pump for nira kental (2), Cameron
Single cylinder water pump for operating centrifugals, Sangerhausen

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Hallesche (not certain)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Hallesche
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Hallesche, 2020/1924
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Hallesche, 2048/1925
Small pumps for mill hydraulic pressure system, Maxwell on base

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Hallesche
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pumps (2), Hallesche, one out of use
Single cylinder belt engines for kultrog (2), Tangye, 10842, 10757
Single cylinder belt engine for A centrifugals, Stork, 1766/1910 - the centrifugals are very old too, Watson, Laidlaw, Glasgow
Single cylinder belt engine for bagasse train, N.A.A.M. Looze-Vennootschap Machinerj -Handel , Vorheen J.A. Geulen En Co., S.-Gravenhage & Soerabaia, out of use
Single cylinder belt engine for lime slurry system
Air compressor for sulphitation
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pump
Simplex boiler feedwater pump, Cameron
Simplex pump for nira kental, Cameron
Vertical cylinder pump for nira kotor, Rombouts plate
Pump for nira kental
Pump for massecuite

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Mirrlees Watson, out of use by 2004, replaced by
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork 3203/1928, ex-Tasikmadu
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Stork ????/????, but identical to the above and likely to be 320?/1928 ex-Tasikmadu

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Manlove, Alliott and Fryer, 1883
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Manlove, Alliott and Fryer
(Identical (?) to those at Cukir)
Vertical cylinder air compressor for sulphur burning, George Fletcher
Air compressor for sulphur burning
Mud filter pumps (2), may be disused
Simplex pump for nira kental
Duplex boiler feedwater pump, compound
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pump, Reineveld
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pump, Clarke Chapman
Engine for electricity generation, Stork, disused

The original mill is out of use, the equipment derelict/dismantled. A new mill has been installed, using equipment brought from a mill in Aceh, Sumatra

John McNeil & Co. Ltd, Glasgow is clearly visible on one of the derelict dual drive mill engines, it seems there may have been two mill lines here.

Vacuum pump (small), Sangerhausen, 1545
Pump for nira kental, Sangerhausern
Simplex pump for nira kental, Cameron
Simplex juice pumps (2)
Water injection pump for vacuum system for evaporators, single cylinder, 2 flywheels
Vertical cylinder water injection pump for vacuum system for evaporators
Vertical two cylinder engine for generator, Belliss and Morocom, 7755
Single cylinder, two flywheel vacuum pumps (2), Manlove, Alliott and Fryer, similar to those at Cukir and Kanigoro, but no dates on the bases. Only standby by 2006.
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fijenoord, 1928. Only standby by 2006.
Bagasse bailing engine, Tangye 9631, disused

Two cylinder, single flywheel vacuum pump, Fijenoord, 1928. kept in reserve
Electrically operated vacuum pump, converted from steam operation

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 3251/1929
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Buckau, 1909 - ex Krian
Single cylinder vacuum pump - ex Krian
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pumps (2), Stork type
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, not in use - ex Krian
Air compressor, Hallesche (2)
Simplex boiler feedwater pumps, Cameron (3)
Simplex pump, disused, formerly used for machine cooling water

26. Pesantren Baru (This is a new mill built in the 1970s to replace an old one nearby.)

27. Ngadirejo (The mill was modernised some time ago, the staff telling me in 2003 that there was no steam powered equipment.)

Simplex boiler feedwater pumps (2), Cameron
Duplex boiler feed water pumps, Tangye, out of use
Single cylinder vacuum pumps (2)

Rob van Dort comments: "I was at Jombang in 1955, assisting starting up, after the mill has been closed for many years. Passing the mill in 1989 I noticed a new boiler house. The mill was 100% steam driven in 1955, so it may be possible that inside some "damage" has occurred. Inside the mill was an unique "vacuum-machine" designed by Werkspoor . A combination of condenser, air pump, cold water pump and hot water pump in one (vertical) engine. I hope it is still there and you'll be amazed seeing this engine work, with a barking exhaust inside the building. (To which I can add that this machine is no longer present but there is one at Sumberharjo. RD)

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3181/1928
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3321/1930
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, ????/????
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3255/1929
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2787/1924 (R)
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 1926
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork
Duplex boiler feedwater pump, Gardner
Duplex boiler feedwater pump, Worthington
Vertical two cylinder boiler feedwater pump, out of use
Steam powered electrical generator, Belliss and Morcom, 11141, (out of use)

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Manlove, Alliott and Fryer, (1883 on base)
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Manlove, Alliott and Fryer, (1883 on base)
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Small engine for kultrog (out of use), probably Tangye as has Gold Medal Paris 1878 plate. Scrapped by 2006.

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Werkspoor 1927 ( Meier Mattern hydraulic valve system)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2577/1920
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Werkspoor 1927 ( Meier Mattern hydraulic valve system)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 3155/1928
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 3363/1930

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 1917
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 435/1900
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Stork
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Belliss and Morcom (2), one is out of use
Hallesche air compressor for syrup sulphitation, out of use
Duplex pump for nira kental, Tangye
Simplex pump for nira kental, Cameron
Simplex pump for nira kotor (2), Cameron
Air compressor for burning sulphur, Hallesche
Air compressor for burning sulphur, Hallesche 2422/1923
Air compressor for burning sulphur, out of use
Two Belliss and Morcom generators (scrapped between 2002 and 2003).

Probably technically one of the most modern mills in Java with a cane diffuser and nothing except a preserved juice pump outside.

Single cylinder RH mill engine 1, Stork, (R) 2560/1920
Single cylinder LH mill engine 2, Piggott
Single cylinder RH mill engine 3, Piggott (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine 4, Stork, 2282/1917 (R)
The Stork engines have Werkspoor type governors and 2560 also has Werkspoor type drop valve eccentrics
Small pump for mill hydraulic system

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Breda 910/1917
Vertical single cylinder water injection pump, probably Stork, but certainly older than average
Single cylinder engine for bagasse baler, Walkers 12168, not in regular use
Vertical high speed engine, Belliss and Morcom, for grasshopper system and Jacob's ladder - spare to electric motor
Belt engine, for kultrog, Blanke - out of use but serviceable in 2004, in use 2008
Simplex pumps (2), for boiler feedwater, Cameron
Small engine marked used for driving the bagasse carrier, probably English, out of use
Horizontal engine Tangye 4173 derelict behind the mill
Horizontal engine derelict behind mill marked as '626' and '9' on front of cylinder Tangye style, probably not a Tangye engine, marked Landre & Glinderman, Amsterdam, Agents for Holland.
Seven boilers, including one built by Stork, most of the rest by Werkspoor

Small engine preserved outside office.
Single cylinder engine, W Maxwell, Djokdja, 1892. Maxwell is possibly an agent, not the builder, Djokja is now Yogyakarta. Rob van Dort adds "I am almost certain that Maxwell was a construction firm at Djokja once. I have seen several engines with this name cast in. They were famous for their shredders. The first ones installed in Java."

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2569/1920 (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2613/1920
Single cylinder LH mill engine, probably Hallesche
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Hallesche, 2148/1927

Small single cylinder pump for nira kotor, Hallesche, 2252/19??, out of use by 2008
Single cylinder vacuum pump
Vertical cylinder water injection pump for vacuum system, Reader
Simplex pump for nira kental, Cameron
Small single cylinder pump for nira kental
Small vertical cylinder engine driving belts
Small engine driving belts for kultrog - out of use
Various small molasses pumps, belt driven (Reineveld, Java Pomp)
Small engine driving belts for bagasse baling, out of use and dumped by 2008
Vertical pump for molasses
Preserved vertical cylinder engine by George Fletcher, 6712

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2193/1916 (R)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork (R)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, probably Hallesche
Single cylinder RH mill engine, probably Hallesche (R)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 1878/1910
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2397/1919

Single cylinder vacuum pump
Small belt engines (3) used to drive nira kental pumps, two disused
Air compressor for burning sulphur, Hallesche, disused
Water injection pumps for vacuum system (2), disused - unusually these are low speed horizontal pumps assuming the information from the mill engineer was correct
Small belt engine for D1/D2 centrifugals, spare but effectively disused
Small belt engine for A1/A2 centrifugals, spare but effectively disused
Vertical cylinder tetes pumps (3), two of them converted to belt drive
Belt engine for the kultrog (disused)
Duplex boiler feedwater pumps (2), Wegelin and Hübner
Small vertical cylinder belt engine for bagasse handling
Vertical single cylinder engine, out of use outside mill, unknown builder, 8062

The mill was modernised some time ago, one half now using electric motors, the other half using steam turbines .The mill crushers were supplied by Gebr. Stork & Co, in 1922 and were probably powered by the almost standard single cylinder engines. Rob van Dort adds "newly built in 1927, with two identical sisters (Gunungsari and Bedadoeng). First campaigns 1928/29. Only Semboro survived. All three were all electric factories. Now that you report TWO mill trains it may well be, that one set was taken from Gunungsari and re-erected here, turbine powered." To which I would comment that this is one of the mills which was heavily modernised in the 1970s (RD).

39. De Maas (Mill closed at the end of the 1999 season, there would have been much more than this present)

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3337/1930
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1924
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Fijenoord, 1925
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Fijenoord, 1925
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork
Single cylinder engine, belt drive to bagasse conveyor
Single cylinder engine, belt drive to bagasse conveyor
Single cylinder engine, Tangye

Single cylinder RH crusher engine, Stork, 2740/1923
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Hallesche, 2049/1925 (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Werkspoor (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Fijenoord, 1926 (R)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3278/1929

Cane carrier engine, Ruston, Proctor
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Hallle
Two vertical cylinder vacuum pumps/water injection pumps, probably Werkspoor but not so marked
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Hallesche
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, (Stork?)
Single cylinder engine, Stork, 2561/1920, driving belts for the A centrifugals via a shaft. This was previously a/the crusher engine.

Simplex pumps (3), Cameron, for nira encer, one out of use
Duplex pump, (Worthington ?) for nira encer, one out of use
Simplex pump, Cameron, for nira kotor
Nira kental pumps (2)
A set of five pumps for condensate from vacuum evaporation:
Duplex pump, Worthington
Duplex pump
Simplex pumps (2), Cameron
Duplex pump, Worthington
Engine for bagasse press
Engine for bagasse carrier, Tangye 5208, well out of use
Engine for bagasse carrier, American Oil Company, Oil City, Pa., 1132
Vertical cylinder engine for initial bagasse carrier, disused
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pumps (4), various not identified
Duplex boiler feedwater pump

41. Olean Along with Gondang, it has the highest proportion of machinery operated by steam. Click here for pictures. I have not included a number of belt driven pumps, centrifuges etc which are at best contemporary and may even pre-date the steam powered machinery.

Twin cylinder steam winch, Clarke, Chapman, Gateshead
Single cylinder RH crusher engine, Stork, 3336/1930
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Fijenoord, 192?
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Fijenoord, 1926
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1923
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork

Small belt engine for cane carrier
Vertical single cylinder raw juice pumps (2)
Small engine, Fives-Lilles, 1891, for bagasse system
Small engine, Walkers, for bagasse system, disused - scrapped 2003-4
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fives-Lille, 1891
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fives-Lille, 1892
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Fives-Lille, 1891 (the latter transferred from Asembagus 2007/8)
Vertical cylinder engine for kultrog, said to be Marshall, 1893
Engine for kultrog, Tangye, said to be 1912, it has 2000 which seems too low for an engine with Tangye-Birmingham on it.
Engine for kultrog, Walkers, disused
Vertical twin cylinder belt engine, for centrifugals, Belliss and Morcom, 8073 (out of use by 2006)
Vertical cylinder belt engine, for sugar conveyor, Belliss and Morcom, 7673
Boiler feedwater pump
Simplex boiler feedwater pump, Cameron
Duplex boiler feedwater pump
Small duplex boiler feedwater pump
Simplex juice pump, Cameron, disused
Vertical cylinder pumps (2), for lime slurry system
Simplex juice pump for nira jerne, Cameron, disused
Vertical twin cylinder pump for nira kotor
Small air compressors (3) for sulphur burning - out of use by 2003
Simplex pump, for vacuum condensate, Cameron
Vacuum condensate pump, disused
Nira kental pump, Reineveld
Nira kental pump
Water injection pumps (2), both disused, one has Rombouts on it, the other appears to be Stork - preserved outside the main gate and the mill offices by 2006.
Pumps for nira kental (2)
Simplex syrup pump, Cameron
Syrup pump
Duplex syrup pump
Simplex molasses pump, Cameron

There are 6 Boilers:
1. Burgerhout Rotterdam 1925
2. P.T. Trisala Abadi 1993
3. ditto. 1992
4. Maschinenfabrik Breda
5. E. Rombouts
6. ditto

Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1924
Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor, 1924
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 1921
Nira kotor simplex pump, Cameron
Vertical cylinder, nira jernih pumps, Fletcher, 7101 & 7102, out of use and stored by 2008
Vertical cylinder, nira kotor pump, Reineveld, out of use and stored by 2008
Vertical twin cylinder, nira leburan pumps, (2), Reineveld, out of use and stored by 2008
Vertical cylinder air compressor, Fletcher
Simplex nira kental pump, Cameron
Boiler feedwater pumps (2), disused, not seen 2008
Vacuum condensate pump, Fletcher
Vacuum condensate pumps, (2)

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 3328/1930
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 3329/1930
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Hallesche
Single cylinder pump
Preserved small single cylinder engine, Tangye - Birmingham 2571
Preserved large Werkspoor vertical vacuum pump, patent number 174852

46. Pakis Baru (Mill did not operate in 2000 and is reported likely to re-open in 2008.)

This is a privately owned mill and was probably the best maintained mill on Java. It was modernised some time ago and now uses steam turbines. A single cylinder engine is preserved near the front gate, a Hallesche vacuum pump inside the mill. The mill has not worked for several years and there are ongoing negotiations to transfer it to South Sumatra. More recently (November 2006) it is reported it will not move but re-open in situ.

Considering this is one of the biggest mills in Java and installed electrically powered milling machinery nearly 80 years ago, it retains a remarkable amount of steam powered machinery. There are 2 mill trains, the second (stand-by) has steam power, the Sangerhausen mill engines are from Madukismo. The original electric motors have vanished to be replaced by turbines.

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Sangerhausen, 1956 (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Sangerhausen, 1956 (R)- formerly at Candi
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Sangerhausen, 1956 (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Sangerhausen, 1956 (R)

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1112/1912 - formerly used as 2nd mill engine

Vertical cylinder engines (2) (possibly for massecuite)
Small engine for kultrog, Sangerhausen, 840 - derelict in 2006
Duplex boiler feedwater pumps (2)
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pumps (2), Weir, not seen in 2008
Vacuum pump, Hallesche
Water injection pump for vacuum system, (2), Hallesche
A variety of four (mostly disused) air compressors for burning sulphur, one of which has a Werkspoor plate, all derelict by 2006.

Staff stated that there is no steam powered machinery during a 2003 visit, a situation which we confirmed with a quick tour of the plant.

There are two mills in the same compound, the first contains some stationary steam engines and the second is 100% modern.

The following were in use until the end of the 2003 season and then replaced by modern machinery.
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1924
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Corliss valves (!), Ste. Ame. J. Gilain, Tirlemont - Belgique
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1926
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1926

Air compressor (disused)
Vertical cylinder, combined vacuum/water injection pumps (2), disused
Simplex juice pump, pre-sulphitation
Duplex juice pump, pre-sulphitation
Duplex juice pumps, (2), post-sulphitation

The mill is steam worked, a small mill engine is preserved at the front gate.
Single cylinder mill engine, Co De Fives-Lille, 1876.

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2319 / 1917
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Hallesche, ???? /????
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2558 / 1920 (R)
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Stork, 2374 / 1917 (R)

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 2655/1921
Single cylinder vacuum pump, new 2003 ex Kadhipaten, not seen 2008
Single cylinder vacuum pump, working 2002, dismantled for scrap 2003
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Stork type
Vertical cylinder water injection pump, Stork type, ex- Gempol, disused
Small vacuum pump, next to the Fives-Lille belt engine
Java pump for nira kotor (Reineveld 2193/1923)
Small engine for bagasse conveyor, Fives-Lille, 1904, disused
Duplex boiler feedwater pumps (2), one kept as spare
Nira encer pumps (3), used in turn, each is Reineveld
Belt engine for kultrog, Fives-Lille, 1906
Belt engine for grasshopper system, Tangye 11382
Small engine for lime slurry system
Air compressors, (3), Stork, (1769/1910(?), 2979/1926, 2094/1918)
Two small duplex pumps for flocculant
Derelict twin engine which may have operated a winch.

Vacuum pump, Stork, 1905, spare
Vacuum pump
Vacuum pump, spare
Air compressor, carries No 132, this has a Tangye "+" on the valve chest and governor which makes it the biggest Tangye in Java by some way.
Small juice pump, disused
Duplex boiler feedwater pump (2), out of use
Vertical cylinder pump, incomplete, disused

Rob van Dort adds: "first campaign 1958. Built by Sangerhausen, steam mill engines. Have seen them being run in."

The mill was modernised ca 1976 and all steam powered equipment removed. Some of the mill engines, however, survive at Rejoagung (another was at Candi until 2003).

53. Candi (A private mill south of Sidoharjo, south of Surabaya, which uses mainly stationary steam engines)

These mill engines were taken out of action by 2006, by then the Sangerhausen had migrated to Rejoagung and the working Haniel and Lueg to Watutulis..... The others were dumped in the mill yard.

Single cylinder RH mill engine, Hallesche, 2229/1920
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Hallesche (?)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 1947/1912, (R) new in 2003 ex-Kadhipaten
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1926 (formerly at Krebet Baru)

This mill engine was used pre-2003 as fourth mill engine
Single cylinder RH mill engine, Sangerhausen, 1956, ex-Madukismo

This mill engine was used pre-2003 as third mill engine
Single cylinder mill engine, Nederlandsch Indische Industrie, ????/1920

Also here for potential use from 2005.
Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1926 (formerly at Krebet Baru)

Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 3094/1927
High speed (450 rpm) injection water pump, Stork, 2858/1927, ex Porong
High speed (450 rpm) injection water pump, (Stork ?)
Duplex pump, used to cool machines
Simplex boiler feedwater pump, Cameron
Vertical cylinder boiler feedwater pump
Duplex pump for mill imbibition, Worthington
Vertical cylinder molasses pumps (2), one of which is in a locked compound!
Vertical single cylinder belt engine, used to drive lime slurry plant
Single cylinder steam engine driving kultrog, Tangye, 3143, almost certainly 19th century.
Single cylinder belt engine, driving centrifuges, Stork, 1378/1906
Small (disused) single cylinder steam engine, Tangye 2312 - this may be the Tangye engine described by Rob van Dort after his 1989 visit.
Vertical pump (Java Pomp, Reineveld, 1937/1921)
Duplex pumps (3), Worthington, for nira kental, one is incomplete

54. Krian (A small mill south-west of Surabaya, not documented but likely to have had stationary steam engines, closed ca. 1999, and now stripped with some machines reported elsewhere)

Single cylinder mill engine, RH Haniel & Lueg, 1926 (formerly at Krebet Baru)
Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2916/1925
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine Stork, 2179/1917, (R) formerly at Cepiring came here by 2006 via Krembung

Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2568/1920 (R) (to Krembung by 2006)
Single cylinder RH dual drive mill engine, Stork, 2916/1925
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 3237/1929 (R) (out of use by 2006)

Air compressor, Stork
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Stork, 2686/1922
Vertical single cylinder water injection pump, Stork, 2340/1917
Single cylinder vacuum pump, Werkspoor, 468/1900
Belt engine for kultrog, Ingelse
Belt engine for (low grade sugar) kultrog, Tangye
Belt engines (2) for centrifugals, Tangye, one of which is out of use, the other marked 'Colonial 18"x12" Engine', one is 10328
Belt engine for centrifugals
Molasses Java Pump, formerly steam
Pump for cooling water
Nira kental pump
Two small vertical pumps for the lime system, Reineveld

Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine, Werkspoor
Double cylinder mill engine, Werkspoor, 910/1908
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Stork, 2568/1920 (by 2006, ex-Watutulis)
Single cylinder LH mill engine, Werkspoor, 1922 (replaced by Stork 2568 since 2004)
Bellis and Morcom, vertical two cylinder engine formerly used for cane knives/crusher (?) (spare for unigrator power)
Single cylinder LH dual drive mill engine Stork, 2179/1917, formerly at Cepiring, never put into use but sent to Watutulis by 2006

Air compressor (2), Hallesche
Air compressor, out of use
Vertical 2 cylinder boiler feedwater pump
Vertical single cylinder boiler feedwater pump, Weir, Glasgow
Duplex pump, new for boiler feedwater in 2004, yet to be installed, allegedly ex-Lestari
Duplex pump, water for evaporators (?)
Duplex pump, Stork, (ex-steam?), water for evaporators (?)
Two vertical cylinder water injection pumps, Hallesche, marked Roland (1 and 2).
Water injection pump, disused
Water injection pump, Hallesche, disused
Simplex water injection pump
Single cylinder vacuum pump, single flywheel, single eccentric
Single cylinder vacuum pump, double flywheel, single eccentric
Single cylinder vacuum pump, single flywheel, double eccentric, spare
Two twin cylinder water pumps for centrifugals, Werkspoor 1094/1911

57. Subang (A large new mill north-west of Cirebon, not documented but very unlikely to have stationary steam engines)

58. Jatitujuh (A large new mill north-west of Cirebon, not documented but very unlikely to have stationary steam engines)

Belliss & Morcom were previously G.E. Belliss, also in Birmingham. Their main products (and also those of W. Sisson) were fast open-crank launch engines and then enclosed high-speed force-lubricated stationary engines of standardised design mainly for driving generators, of which they built the last (about No. 11,500!) as recently as 1976 for India. They are still in business making motor-driven reciprocating air and gas compressors, which look very similar to their steam engine design (...so care is required when identifying on-site!).

Manlove, Alliott can also be found without the Fryer. I think Rouen was just a sales agency for France/French Colonies.

Ruston Proctor built portables and traction engines as well as stationary engines. They are a fore-runner of Ruston & Hornsby, who were already building stationary steam engines c. 1900 before their better-known horizontal slow speed open-crank oil engines - a small duplex used to be on show in the old Birmingham Science Museum.

Thomas Piggott engines are very rare. To my knowledge only one survives in UK - the workable preserved 1852 beam engine (+ Cornish boiler) at Combe Mill, Oxfordshire.

Worthington Simpson were the UK offshoot and licensee of the Henry Worthington Co. of New York. Newark was their main Works although earlier they had a works in East London. They were originally James Simpson & Co. before the Worthington buy-in and were/are best known for Waterworks/sewage equipment (and complete projects) and water pumps of all kinds. Both companies are still very much in business making motor-driven centrifugal water pumps. The famous patent horizontal duplex non-rotative direct acting boiler feed pump, Worthington's (USA) first product continued to be produced in huge numbers (probably the largest number of any steam design) right into the 1980s in both UK and USA and I believe they still supply spares.